Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 2: 514.
Sunset®: All zones
USDA: 4-9
Sun Exposure: Full sun
Origin: Europe
Growth Habits: Short-lived herbaceous perennial or biennial, up to 36 inches tall (90 cm), 12 inches spread (30 cm)
Flowers: Violet or blue flowers
Watering Needs: Moderate water
Propagation: Seeds, self-sows if the conditions are right, division
Leaves or flowers are edible. Leaves can be cooked as spinach, young leaves and flowers can be added to salads.
Blooming Habits:
Violet (also purple or pink) flowers, up to 2 inches wide (5 cm), from late spring to fall. 'Zebrina' has pink flowers with deep purple veining.
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